Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Lifestyle modifications
INTRODUCTION
Lifestyle modifications and behavioral interventions are first line treatment of BPH (7)
The main goal is to improve lower urinary tract symptoms
Limitation of fluids at night, timed and complete voiding, treatment of constipation may help reduce symptoms (1)
NUTRITION
Limiting mild diuretics such as caffeine and alcohol may be beneficial (1).
Limiting intake of bladder irritants such as highly seasoned foods and other bladder irritating foods (7)
Limited evidence shows that a history of high protein intake is associated with LUTS deterioration (2)
Pumpkin seed soft extract: Limited evidence suggests that pumpkin seed extract may reduce symptoms of BPH (4)
Saw palmetto: Not recommended by UpToDate. However, limited evidence suggests that Saw palmetto may reduce symptoms of BPH (5, 6). The latter meta analysis (6) showed very low/non clinical effect. However, it was according to ref. 4 based on studies with immense variability regarding essential features. The small number of patients resulted in significant imbalances in baseline IPSS with up to a 2.9-points difference between the treatment groups in 4 out of the 5 studies (see ref. 4).
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Increase physical activity. Include also strenous activity (7)
Limited evidence shows that a history of low physical activity level is associated with deterioration of LUTS symptoms (3,2)
WEIGHT
There is some evidence that high waist circumference or BMI increase the risk of LUTS / BPH (3)
SMOKING
Limited evidence shows that a history of heavy smoking is associated with LUTS deterioration (2)
References
1) https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/208/management-approach
2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582093/
3) https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-022-03722-y
4) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40816-022-00345-0
5) https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bju.14362
6) https://www.eu-focus.europeanurology.com/article/S2405-4569(20)30018-3/fulltext
7) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-treatment-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia
8) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-use-of-saw-palmetto
Resources

EXPLANATION TO EVIDENCE PRESENTATION
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Evidence based on guidelines and evidence based Clinical Decision Systems is written in BOLD
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Evidence based on meta analysis or systematic reviews is written in BOLD and CURSIVE
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Evidence based on randomized controlled trials is written in plain font
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Evidence based on observational / cohort studies is written in CURSIVE
Figure: Evidence pyramid