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Heart failure

Lifestyle modifications

NUTRITION

  • Avoid excessive sodium intake (< 5g/day) (1)

  • Avoid large volumes of fluid intake (2)

  • Avoid excessive alcohol intake (2)


PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

  • Regular physical activity (2)

  • Improves exercise tolerance and capacity, health related QOL, and reduces hospitalization (2)

  • High intensity interval training improves peak oxygen consumption, VO2 (2)

  • Supervised exercise rehabilitation programme is recommended for people who are frail, and have more severe disease (2)


SMOKING

  • Smoking cessation (2)


WEIGHT

  • Maintain a normal weight (2)


Prevention

  • Regular physical activity (2)

  • Smoking cessation (2)

  • Maintain a normal weight (2)

  • Avoid excessive alcohol intake (2)

  • A healthy diet (2)

References

Resources

Evidence Pyramid

EXPLANATION TO EVIDENCE PRESENTATION

Evidence based on guidelines and evidence based Clinical Decision Systems is written in BOLD

Evidence based on meta analysis or systematic reviews is written in BOLD and CURSIVE

Evidence based on randomized controlled trials is written in plain font

Evidence based on observational / cohort studies is written in CURSIVE

Figure: Evidence pyramid

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