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Heart failure

Lifestyle modifications

NUTRITION

  • Avoid excessive sodium intake (< 5g/day) (1)

  • Avoid large volumes of fluid intake (2)

  • Avoid excessive alcohol intake (2)


PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

  • Regular physical activity (2)

  • Improves exercise tolerance and capacity, health related QOL, and reduces hospitalization (2)

  • High intensity interval training improves peak oxygen consumption, VO2 (2)

  • Supervised exercise rehabilitation programme is recommended for people who are frail, and have more severe disease (2)


SMOKING

  • Smoking cessation (2)


WEIGHT

  • Maintain a normal weight (2)


Prevention

  • Regular physical activity (2)

  • Smoking cessation (2)

  • Maintain a normal weight (2)

  • Avoid excessive alcohol intake (2)

  • A healthy diet (2)

References

Resources

Evidence Pyramid

EXPLANATION TO EVIDENCE PRESENTATION

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Evidence based on guidelines and evidence based Clinical Decision Systems is written in BOLD

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Evidence based on meta analysis or systematic reviews is written in BOLD and CURSIVE

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Evidence based on randomized controlled trials is written in plain font

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Evidence based on observational / cohort studies is written in CURSIVE

Figure: Evidence pyramid

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